Coral Aquarium

General Aquarium Information

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Effects of Hazardous Wastes

Hazardous wastes are solid, liquid, gas or waste that can cause death, disease or injury to persons or destruction of the environment, if poorly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of. Substances are considered hazardous waste if they are flammable, corrosive, reactive or toxic. Mixtures, residues or materials containing hazardous wastes are also considered hazardous waste. Many hazardous substances can only be used with caution Special reduced their risks. When released, these substances are no longer under the direct control of the user and may pose special risks to humans or other organisms who come into contact with them. Because of these potential risks, hazardous wastes are treated separately from ordinary waste.

Hazardous waste are generated by almost all industries and industries that generate few hazardous wastes intended for its part, however, use the products of waste-generating industries dangerous. For example, in the computer software industry, writing software generates little hazardous waste, but the required computer manufacturing of many industrial processes. Making a computer circuit board generates spent electroplating baths that contain metal salts, and production of computer chips uses acids, other caustic chemicals and solvents. Other hazardous waste generated in the manufacture of fiber optic and copper wire used in electronic transmission, and magnetic disks, paper technical manuals, photographs for packaging and advertising, and trucks to transport the finished product.

The industry is not alone in hazardous waste generation. Agriculture produces wastes such as pesticides and herbicides and the materials used in its implementation. Waste fluoride are byproducts of the production of phosphate fertilizers. Even soluble nitrates from manure can be dissolved in groundwater and contaminate drinking wells water, high levels of nitrates can cause health problems. Sources of household hazardous wastes include toxic paints, flammable solvents, caustic cleaners, toxic batteries, pesticides, medicines, and mercury from broken thermometers. Local waste disposal systems may reject such products. If accepted, careful monitoring may be necessary to ensure that soil or groundwater is not contaminated.

The head of the family were can ask to recycle or dispose of these items separately. Reforms of older homes can cause toxic lead paint to flake off the walls. The insulating material furnace pipes may contain asbestos particles, which can break off and suspended in the air, when inhaled, can cause lung disease and cancer. Hospitals use special care in the disposal of waste contaminated with blood and tissue, separating these hazardous wastes from ordinary waste. Hospitals and clinics Physicians should be especially careful with needles, scalpels, and glassware, called "sharps". Pharmacies discard outdated medicines and not used, testing laboratory chemical waste disposal. The medicine also makes use of significant quantities of radioactive isotopes for diagnosis and treatment, and these substances must be tracked and disposed of carefully.

Hazardous waste can contaminate soil, air, surface water or groundwater. Soil contamination can affect people who live in it, that the roots of plants placed in it, and animals that move on it. Sludge from municipal wastewater treatment may contain toxic elements if industrial waste is mixed with domestic sewage. If the sludge is used as fertilizer, these elements can contaminate fields. Toxic substances that do not break down or bind tightly to the soil can be absorbed by growing plants; of toxic substances may appear later in the animals that feed on crops there and possibly in people who do.

The air may be contaminated by direct emissions of hazardous wastes. The evaporation of toxic solvents in paints and cleaning products is a common problem. The air above the waste hazardous can be dangerously contaminated by a gas leak, as may occur in houses built on old mine dumps or landfills. Basements of homes built Debris from the uranium mines often contain high levels of radioactive radon gas escaping radioactivity below.

If the rivers and lakes are contaminated and become toxic enough, can kill animals and plants immediately, or it can slowly damage. For example, fluoride concentrates in teeth and bone, and excess fluoride in water can cause dental and bone problems. Compounds such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), PCBs and dioxins are more soluble in fat than in water and therefore tend to accumulate in the fat within the plants and animals. These substances may be present in very low concentrations in water, but accumulate to higher concentrations within algae and insects, and accumulate even higher levels in fish. Birds or people who eat these fish are exposed to very high levels of hazardous substances. In birds, these substances can interfere with egg production and bone formation.

Even pollution which is not toxic, can kill. The phosphates and nitrates, usually harmless, can fertilize the algae growing in lakes or rivers. When algae grow in the presence of light solar, which produce oxygen. But if algae grow too much or too fast, consuming large amounts of oxygen, so when the sun is not shining, and when the algae die and begin to deteriorate. The lack of oxygen eventually chokes the life of others, some living things may be poisoned by toxins contained in algae. This growth process Excessive algae, called eutrophication, can kill life in lakes and rivers. In some cases, particular algae can also poison the drinking water for people and livestock.

Underground pollutants can be transported by groundwater flow. These residues form spreading underground plumes of contaminants, which may to the surface if the water rises in a spring or is pumped from wells. Especially dangerous are solvents that may have leaked from underground storage tanks or may have been carelessly spilled on the floor. Toxic metal ions may also be present in these columns of waste.

The best way to eliminate hazardous wastes is to generate in the first place. For example, there have been improvements in the production of integrated circuits: The toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon commonly used in the 1970s were replaced in the 1980s for less toxic and glycol ethers in the 1990s by the low toxicity of alcohols and esters. Recycling is the recovery or reuse of usable materials from waste. For example, approximately 15 percent sulfuric acid is recycled in the manufacturing chemicals. In the past, most of sulfur used for production of sulfuric acid was removed, now the amount of sulfur recovered from smelters (facilities that remove metals from ore), refineries (facilities that purify substances), and manufacturers is more than double that produced by mining.

Waste may be less hazardous by physical, chemical, or biological treatment. For example, sodium hydroxide has been used to treat acid residues in plants of integrated circuits. Some of the new waste treatment plants now hydrofluoric acid with lime, producing relatively harmless calcium fluoride, the mineral fluorite. Sulfuric acid wastes, if not recycled, can be treated with ammonia waste from the same plant, the formation of ammonium sulfate, a fertilizer. Incineration has been used since humans learned to control fire. It is the preferred method of waste management Infectious medical. However, it must be used for waste containing toxic heavy metals or chlorinated hydrocarbons: When burned, old painted surfaces can release lead and arsenic in the air, while chlorinated hydrocarbons produce hydrochloric acid and dioxins. Solids left over from incineration may have to be disposed of as hazardous waste.

The solidification of the waste is melted and mixed with a binder, a substance that eventually hardens mixture into an impenetrable mass. One suggested treatment of radioactive waste is to convert it into a glass through a process known as vitrification. Sometimes waste can stabilize, ie the site to keep moving through groundwater and air, simple remedies such as covering the waste may be sufficient. Other stabilization methods involve building a barrier around the waste. This barrier may be plastic, steel, cement, clay, or even glass.

Placement of liquid or semi liquid in wells without coating (removal of the dam surface) keeps waste in long-term storage, but is not considered a method of disposal. About 8 percent of hazardous waste injected into deep wells; 21 per cent goes into landfill (large, unlined pits that are placed in solid waste) as their final resting place. Abandoned and in particular sites serious waste can be classified as "Superfund" sites, suitable for cleaning with government funding.

The serious problem of feathers Underground hazardous materials out of the original disposal sites only partial solutions at this time. The typical method of handling this problem is the drilling in the perimeter of a column. Hazardous materials are removed after a few wells and water is injected into other wells to produce a barrier to the movement the pen is. Drilling wells and monitoring holes near a toxic site carries risks, one feather initially confined between strata (horizontal layers of rock) may penetrate vertically through a hole drilled and escape confinement. A recent method of surface treatment of chlorinated solvent plumes depends on their reactivity chemistry. A trench is dug around the plant waste leakage and filled with a mixture of earth and iron powder. The iron reacts with chlorinated solvents, turning them into hydrocarbons simple, they are less dangerous. Hazardous waste is a broad definition in common use, but the hazardous waste has a narrow, specific meaning and is necessary to remove hazardous materials from solid waste in general or unwanted solid-solid substances to prevent contamination of soil and groundwater.

Hazardous waste is a type of solid waste. Solid waste is defined quite broadly and can include solids, sludges, liquids or gases. The residues are not considered solid waste include domestic sewage or waste to pass through a treatment plant in public ownership industrial discharges, irrigation water, nuclear material, mine waste left in the soil, sulfuric acid recycling, and some other recycled materials. Some of the materials excluded from the definition of hazardous wastes are agricultural wastes used as fertilizer; overburden returned to the mines, waste chromium petroleum contaminated material from the cleaning of underground tanks, as used in gas stations, waste from the combustion of coal or other fuels fossil, waste oil, gas and geothermal exploration wells and domestic wastes.

About the Author

Dr.Badruddin Khan teaches Chemistry in the University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.